The Jordan History

 Archaeological evidence suggests that humans have been in Jordan for at least 90,000 years. This evidence includes Paleolithic tools such as knives, hand-axes, and scrapers made from flint and basalt. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent, one of the regions of the world where agriculture originated during the Neolithic period (8,500 – 4,500 BC). People in the area likely domesticated grains, peas, lentils, goats, and later cats to protect their stored food from rodents. The written history of Jordan begins in biblical times with the kingdoms of Ammon, Moab, and Edom, which are mentioned in the Old Testament.

From the time of Mesopotamia, it was ruled by the Nabataean kingdom. It was he who developed the Arabic script from which the writing of modern Arabic began. The Greek meaning of Mesopotamia is "between two rivers". The area lies between the Tigris (Tigris) and Euphrates rivers. It includes areas of modern-day Iraq's Babil District, northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and Iran's Quzestan province. The Harappan civilization has been called 'Meluha' in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia is a historical region of Western Asia, located within the Tigris–Euphrates river system. Mesopotamia is the site of the earliest development of the Neolithic Revolution from about 10,000 BC. Its identity is "inspired by some of the most important developments in human history, mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, including the invention of the wheel, the development of the cursive script, and planting of the first cereal crops.

The Sumerians and Akkadians (including the Assyrians and Babylonians) dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of written history (c. 3100 BC) until the fall of Babylon in 539 BC when it was conquered by the Achaemenid Empire. For many centuries it was ruled by the Islamic caliphate, which was ruled by Damascus and then Baghdad. After Mongol (1259), Crusader (1020), Ayyubi (1170), and Mamluk rule, it became the possession of Ottoman Turks in 1516. Turkey was defeated in World War I and became part of the British Empire. It became independent in 1946.

 The currency of Jordan is the Jordanian Dinar. The religion of most of the people in Jordan is Islam which is mostly a Sunni community. The highest mountain in Jordan is Jabal Umm ad Dami, whose height is 1,854 meters. The longest river of Jordan is River Jordan, whose length is 251 km is. while the largest lake here is the 'Sea of ​​Galilee' which is spread over 166 square kilometers. There has been a planetary war in Jordan from September 1970 to July 1971, which is called Black September. The national animal of Jordan is the Arabian Oryx and the national bird is the Sinai rosefinch. Jordan is classified by the World Bank as a country of "high human development" with an "upper middle income" economy. The economy of Jordan is one of the smallest in the region.

Jordan, officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. It is an Arab country located in the southern part of the Syrian Desert, south of the Gulf of Aqaba, in Southwest Asia. Most of it is surrounded by desert in the north, Syria in the north, Iraq in the northeast, Israel in the west, and Saudi Arabia in the east and south. Programs in both Arabic and English are broadcast on TV in Jordan. The most important thing about this country is that the people here have the freedom to watch cable TV which is not there in many Arab countries. Some mysterious and gigantic figures remain in the Jordanian desert, which extends from Syria to Jordan and Saudi Arabia. These mysterious figures are called 'Ajrak Oasis Wheel'. These figures are believed to have been made about 8500 years ago.

 Petra, one of the seven wonders of Jordan, is a famous archaeological site; it dates back to 300 BC. It was the capital of the Nabatean kingdom. The Nabataeans built the city of Petra to track the celestial movements of the Sun. Petra one of the Seven New Wonders of the World is present in Jordan, which is also included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Actually, Petra is a famous archaeological site, which used to be the capital of the Nabatean kingdom around 300 BC. In 106 AD it came under Roman rule. Nabataean was the most populous city at that time with 20,000 inhabitants. This was the center of the entire Arab and European world, which is located on the Silk Route. Petra was also a major junction for the silk and spice trade routes. About half the city was destroyed by an earthquake in 363 AD. After several invasions by the Umaids, it was abandoned in the second half of the 7th century. Many of its palaces were destroyed by the end of the 11th century. t was later discovered in 1812 by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Petra is a vast city of tombs, monuments, statues, and sacred structures. There are about 800 carved tombs in Petra. The site around Petra also has an archaeological park of 265 square meters. The Petra Theater was formerly built in the Hellenistic style in AD 106. The Petra Theater had seating for 5,000 to 8,000 people.

 

 

 

History of Turkey and Tourist places

 Evidence of human settlement has been found here in Turkey about 7500 years before Christ. Turkey is a country located in Eurasia. Its capital is Ankara. Its main- and the official language is Turkish. Its Asian part is called Anatolia and the European part is called Thrace. It is called the 'bridge' between Europe and Asia. By coming in the middle of the thin water body of the Aegean Sea, this bridge splits into two parts, which are commonly called European turkey and Asian turkey.

Mustafa Kemal Pasha is considered the creator of modern Turkey. It is also known by the nickname 'Ataturk' (Father of Turkey). On October 23, 1923, the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed. On April 20, 1924, the new constitution was announced in Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Pasha became the President of the new Republic of Turkey. Turkey is a country bordering Asia and Europe with Islamic Middle East influence and Christian European West influence. Turkey is famous for its picturesque scenery, historical sites, and fertile valleys. Its main city, Istanbul, is known for its bustling markets, the aroma of spices, belly dancers, and nightclubs. Cathedrals, mosques, and palaces built by the Ottoman rulers are still located in Istanbul today; prominent structures here include the Hagia Sophia, the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, the Topkapi Palace, and the Dolmabehe Palace.

Sultan Ahmed Mosque - (Blue Mosque) the first and only six minaret mosques built on Ottoman architecture was completed in 1617. This mosque is one of the many historical sites of Istanbul.

Cappadocia is a historic city in the heart of Turkey. Underground places, beautiful view of the sunset, hot air balloon ride and cave hotel which attracts a lot of enthusiasm among tourists.

Ficus (Fisus) is Turkey's iconic ancient city historical port, cultural and commercial center.

The city of Mardin is known for its cultural and historical heritage, the old part of the city is full of historic stone houses while the New Mardin part is full of new and beautiful buildings.

The Turkish city of Bodrum is known for its luxurious hotels, trendy beach clubs, and spectacular harbor.

The historic Grand Bazaar of Istanbul is 557 years old, where both traditional and modern things are found. It is one of the cultural and historical tourist places in Turkey.

Sumela Monastery- This place is amazing among all the places in Turkey. This place was included in the tentative list of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2000.

History of Turkey-

The Hittite Empire was established in 1900-1300 BC. The Yavanas started arriving in the coastal areas from 1200 BC. In the Battle of Troy in 1250 AD, the Yavanas (Greeks) destroyed the city of Troy and established their control over the surrounding areas. The Battle of Troy, described in Homer's Odyssey, took place on the west coast of Turkey between the Troy people and the kingdoms on the Greek islands. Its period is believed to be around 1200 BC. In 530 BC, Iran came under the Persian Empire, which for many years was divided into Greek and Iranian empires due to conflicts by the Greeks. In 330 BC, when Alexander went on a conquest campaign towards the east, this region also came under the Greek (Macedonian) Empire. From 24 onwards, In the 6th century BC, the Persian king Cyrus took control of Anatolia. Anatolia became part of the Roman Empire in 130 BC. It remained a part of the Roman Empire. Between the 7th and 12th centuries, many branches of Turks from Central Asia settled here. After the end of the Sasanian Empire (635 CE), Islam spread to eastern and southern Turkey. The Oghuz, Seljuq, and Ottoman Turks converted to Sunni Islam. In the 12th century, the Byzantine Empire began to decline after being engulfed in religious wars. The rise of the Ottoman Empire in 1288 and the fall of Kastantunia in 1453. The Ottoman Turks established the Roman capital of Istanbul in 1453 as the center of a strong Ottoman Empire, which spread from Hungary to the Arab countries in the sixteenth century. Ottoman rulers also occupied Mecca and Medina in the sixteenth century, due to which they also became the Caliph (chief) of Islam. The Ottoman Turks were with the Germans in the First World War. The Ottoman Empire came to an end after the defeat of the Germans and being driven out by the British in Arabia.

World Tourism Day and Famous tourist places in the world

 The United Nations had decided to celebrate 27 September every year as World Tourism Day since 1980. Every year 27 September is celebrated as World Tourism Day. The constitution of the World Tourism Organization was adopted on 27 September 1970. Every year the United Nations World Tourism Organization hosts some country as its host. A theme is also kept every year regarding the awareness of Tourism Day.

France is the first choice of tourists. Its capital Paris is the most visited city in the world. The country of France has 37 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which are known globally for their outstanding universal value. Cities with cultural interest exist in France such as Paris, Lyon, and Strasbourg. The Eiffel Tower is a symbol of French culture; Paris was the tallest structure in the world for nearly 4 decades. The main reason for building the Eiffel Tower was the centenary of the French Industrial Revolution.

Spain-Tourism is a major industry in Spain. 13 Spanish cities are recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Historic cities of Spain such as Barcelona, ​​Madrid, have world-class resorts on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts, which are the center of tourist attraction. Popular festivals such as Carnival are held in Spain. One of the famous tourist places of Spain is La Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, ​​this structure is being built since 1852 but has not been completed till now, due to some reason the work of this structure stops or else it becomes slow. 

China is indeed one of the most iconic tourist destinations. The Great Wall of China, Five Sacred Mountains, Shaolin Temple, Huanggushu Waterfall, Forbidden City, Three Gorges, and another natural, cultural, and historically significant sites. An important facet of the Great Wall of China is that it is the only monument on the planet Earth visible from the Moon. The Great Wall of China was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1987. This wall is divided into different parts and its average height is 20 to 26 feet. The largest part of the wall is 46 feet in height. The Great Wall of China was built by various dynasties. From the 7th century onwards, more than 20 dynasties had taken responsibility for the construction of the Great Wall. The wall of China was built to stop the Mongolian invaders. The Great Wall of China was built between 220-206 B.C. and since then it took 2000 years for various Chinese dynasties to build this series of fortresses. The first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, started building this Great Wall to unite China.

Italy-Going to Italy is like a dream for many people, Italy is one of the most visited countries in the world. Italy has 50 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Vatican is the smallest state in the world. It is located inside the city of Rome. Leaning Tower Italy is one of the famous tourist destinations around the world. This structure is known around the world for being tilted 4 degrees from one side. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is the most famous structure in medieval architecture. This famous tower of Italy is popular because of the amazing Leaning Tower of Pisa. The construction of the Tower of Pisa began in 1173 and continued for 200 years. Tommaso Pisano completed the tower in 1399. Soft clay was used in the construction of its foundation. Due to this soil, this tower started tilting. The Baptistery is a famous marble dome located in Pisa tourism, which is one of the main attractions of Italy. Its construction began in 1153 and was completed by Nicola-Pisano in 1260. The remarkable sound of Baptistery Pisa is considered the center of the performance here. The Basilica Romanica di San Pio a Grado is the site of Pisa where St. Peter landed in Italy during AD 44. This port was built in the 10th century, which has become one of the major tourist attractions of Pisa today.

Apiculture useful and profitable

 

Apiculture   rearing and management of honey bees for commercial purposes is called apiculture. This is a very popular source of income  .It doesnt require more money it can be done with little amount

Along with honey wax also obtained from apiculture. Honey is  regarded very nutritious from past it is used in unani ayurvedic medicines.Wax is used in making lotions, lipstics,  candles. 

Types of honey bees

1) Miniature Bee (Little Honey Bee or Apis Floras): These are small bees living in nature and often live up to a height of 300 meters in the plains. They usually make their hive in the bushes. They are sitting in more than one layer on top of the honeycomb. One honeycomb gives 200-250 g

 2) Rock Bee (Apis dor Sata): These bees are big. They make their hive on the branch of the tree. They cover their hive like a curtain. Up to 5 kg of honey can be obtained from one honeycomb. These flies keep migrating from the plains to the mountains for a long distance. Thus they are able

3) Indian Bee (Apis cerana):.

 These bees of Asian origin are also called Indian bees. They are reared in most parts of India and honey is produced on a commercial scale. It produces 12 to 15 kg of honey climatic conditions and bad weather to withstand adverse 

4  Western Bee or Apis Melifera:

This bee is followed the most in the world and the most trade is done for its honey.They are elongated in comparison to other bees. There has been great success in following it in North-West India. They produce 40 kg of honey in a year.

Requirement of space for beekeeping 

It is necessary to choose such a place, around which 2-3 km. Trees and plants should be in abundance in the area,so that pollen and nectar can be available for a longer time.The place for the installation of the box should be flat and there should be proper drainage.

The orchard or orchard near the place should not be too dense so that the movement of air can be smooth during the summer season.

Where the silence room is to be established, the place should be shady.That place should be controlled from termites and ants.

It is necessary to have a distance of four to five meters between two monasteries, they should not be arranged in a row and should be planted in a scattered form. 50 to 100 monasteries can be established at one place.In front of each box, there should be a special tree or sign for identification so that the bees can enter their own silence.

 Measures should be taken to protect the sanctum from the outbreak of waxy moth.At the time of inspection, it should be noted that there is no moisture in the silence room, otherwise it should be dried by showing sunlight.

Advantages of beekeeping

Increase in crop production- In crops in which fertilization takes place by pollination, in crops, horticulture, forestry crops, on average, 15 to 30 percent increase in production by the process of pollination by bees. For this growth, the farmer does not have to make any kind of investment from his sources and by following it, honey is obtained in the form of a product.

Honey production – Bees keep their hive in cells by converting and refining the stored inflorescences, which must be quickly exploited. The honey bees of its honeycomb are thrown into the baby section and the honeycomb of the honeycomb becomes empty. Honey is extracted by placing these hives in a honey removal machine.

Production of Royal Jelly- Royal Jelly is the most natural nutritious substance of nature, whose regular consumption leads to long life and persistence. 

Pollen (Production of Pollen) - Worker bees bring pollen from flowers, which is easily collected by a pollen collection device.

Production by making beeswax- Wax is produced by wax removal and wax refining. It is a pure and naturally produced beeswax, which is used in the preparation of cosmetic ingredients and wax base sheets for beekeeping.

Bee life cycle There are four stages of the life cycle in a bee, namely- (1) egg (2) larva (3) pupa (4) adult

For the selection of place for beekeeping, 

1. It is necessary that there should be abundance of trees and plants in the area of ​​2 to 3 km, in which pollen and nectar can be found throughout the year.

2.  Strong winds should not have a direct effect on the place, if the place is not a shady tree, then an unnaturally shady place should be made there.

 3. The place should be a little away from the main road, the land should be flat and the drainage should be proper.

4. Nearby clean and running water is essential for beekeeping.

 5. A newly planted garden is suitable for this, a more dense garden also prevents air from coming in during the summer season.

6. Undesirable visitors can be stopped by putting fencing or hedge around the site.

7. Keep row to row distance of 10 feet and box to box distance of 3 feet in apiary, boxes should be kept scattered in a row, 50 to 100 boxes can be kept at one place.

 

 

Organic farming of wheat

 Organic farming of wheat is that method of production, in which natural resources are used for the production of crops. The most important component for organic farming is cow dung. Therefore, when preparing the field for organic farming, more and more cow dung is mixed in it. Cow dung solution and naturally prepared manure are given to the plants through the water. Manure of cow dung helps in restoring the fertility of the soil lost during mining. In organic farming, the use of synthetic chemicals, fertilizers, chemical pests, and disease controllers, and growth factor elements is prohibited. Wheat crop is cultivated in almost all the states of India. In plains, wheat is mostly grown in irrigated and fertile land. If organic fertilizers are used than chemical fertilizers and fertilizers, then the fertility and water holding capacity of the land remain for a long time as well as the cost is also less. For productivity, loamy soil is best; all types of land are suitable for organic farming of wheat. Wheat can be cultivated on different types of land. It is suitable for medium loamy and loamy loam soils with a pH range of 6.5-7.8 and a drainage system containing more than 1% organic carbon. For organic farming of wheat, farmers should adopt local varieties and sowing of indigenous varieties.

For organic farming of wheat, 15 days before sowing, after scattering 25 to 30 tons per hectare of well-rotted manure or vermicompost in the field, plow the field well and level the field by running a pat. Mix well-decomposed cow dung or compost 10 to 15 days before sowing Trichoderma powder, before sowing, spread the treated manure in the field, with the use of Trichoderma, fungal and fungal diseases are effectively prevented. The amount of seed for organic farming of wheat depends on the time, soil moisture, and method of sowing, and grain of the variety. Seeds should be sown in rows. For organic farming of wheat, treat the seed with bio-fertilizers 3 to 5 hours before sowing, Wet one kilogram of seed by splashing it with water. Put 5 to 10 grams of PSB, 5 to 10 grams of Azotobacter powder in it, put a layer of bacterial fertilizers on the seeds, and dry them in the shade, immediately after drying, sow the seeds in the morning or evening. For the organic crops of wheat, it is necessary to have moisture in the field at the time of sowing. Sowing should be done by a plow in the litter at depth of 4 to 5 cm. Keep the distance of rows 19 to 23 cm. If the irrigation system is available, irrigation should be given before sowing or 30-40 days after sowing.

For organic farming of wheat, keep the crop frees from weeds, to control weeds, it is beneficial to do weeding twice in the wheat crop. For organic farming of wheat, the incidence of pests in wheat is very less in plain and mountainous areas. Occasional infestations of moths and rats have also been observed. Termites can damage the crop at any stage of crop growth. This problem is more prominent in rain-fed areas than in irrigated areas, at the time of sowing, the use of neem leaf manure (5 quintal/ha) or neem manure (1 quintal/ha) can be avoided from the attack of termites. Adding a mixture of lime and sulfur in the ground reduces the infestation of termites.

Before seed treatment, ensure that the seeds are healthy, uniform in size, and free from any insect damage or disease. Use pure and certified seeds for organic wheat crops. Use seeds from healthy crops this is tolerant and resistant to diseases and pests. Spraying of organic fungicides Pseudomonas, fluorescent, and Trichoderma at 10 gm per liter of water. When the grain is cooked or the sound of a cut comes when it is plucked from the mouth, then it should be understood that the crop is ready for harvesting. The average productivity of organically grown wheat ranges between 40-50 QTL/ha.

Organic farming is absolutely necessary to maintain soil, environment, and human health. It will also help in reducing the cost of production in agriculture. Along with improving soil fertility, farmers' income will also increase.

 

Recepi of Kaddu, pupmkin kheer

 Ingredients: -    milk 

ripe kaddu  paka hua yellow colour

sugar 

green cardamom 

khoya optional

yellow food colour

Method  :-  take a pan boil the milk add boiled kaddu in mashed form then add sugar to it stirr and cook 10 mins add cardamom powder and khoya cook it till thickness then off the flame  add dry fruits. cherries

Mashroom cultivation

 

    Mashroom or kukurmutta is easily grown mashroom are of many types some are edible now a days mashroom cultivation is very common for employment.

Edible mashrooms are of three types

1- button mushroom requires very low temperature  easily grow.

2- oyester mashroom this is very popular and commonly used easily grow.

3-milk mashroom this is also edible and cultivated very  much.

     Mashroom contains proteins, fibres amino acids it is very useful for health. Mashroom is a immunity booster it increase immunity. It reduce heart diseases some mushroom are useful for breast cancer  many tasty dishes are prepared from mashroom it is very useful for vegetarian because of amino acids.

usefulness of mushroom

    Mushrooms have been used throughout the world for thousands of years, both as a food and as a medicine. They are a rich source of nutrition and form a major part of health foods. Mushrooms are very low in fat, especially compared to proteins and carbohydrates, and this fatty portion mainly consists of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, making it an ideal food for a healthy heart and cardiovascular system. Earlier, mushroom consumption was limited to specific regions and regions of the world, but due to globalization, communication between different cultures and increasing consumerism has ensured the reach of mushrooms in all regions. Mushrooms are rapidly finding their way into various culinary and everyday uses. He has made a common man his place in the kitchen as well. The current consumption trend reflects the growing opportunities in the mushroom export sector.

requirements for mushroom cultivation

1. Paddy Straws - Fresh golden yellow rice straws without mold, which have been kept in a dry place, protected from rain.

 2. Plastic sheet of thickness of standard 400 gauge - 1 sq.m. to make a block. Need a plastic sheet.

3. Wooden mold - from 45X30X15. m. Wooden moulds of size 44X29 cm. m. Have a different wooden cover of the dimension of

 4. Gandasa or straw cutter for cutting straws.

5. Drums for boiling straws (at least two)

 6. Jute rope, coconut rope or plastic rope

7. sacks of sacks

8. Spawn or mushroom bacteria that can be obtained from the Assistant Pathologist, Mushroom Growth Center, for each block.

 9. a sprayer

10. Straw storage shed 10 X 8 m. of size.

Preparation of space for cultivation

 An ideal room R.C.C. The floor should be of lighted and dry. To keep wooden structures, cubes and other R.C.C. A platform 2 cm high should be made inside the chamber for the platform, such that it should be necessary to take out the pasteurized bags of straw. The materials for which the cube is required to be made should be kept inside the chamber. Only the people who prepare the cube should be allowed inside the room.